When she was just 23 years old, Tahmineh Monzavi was imprisoned for her photography.
The Tehran-based photographer’s images of drug addicts and prostitutes in the poorer parts of her city were deemed “dangerous to society” by the Iranian regime. She spent a month in solitary confinement.
Her time in prison brought on panic attacks. “In addition, I got [an] autoimmune disease for the rest of my life,” she says from Tehran, “I lost my hair.”
She did not know how to treat the disease, and it began to attack her body. This was 2012, in the wake of the Arab Spring, when a wave of pro-democracy protests toppled dictators across the Middle East and North Africa. It was a highly sensitive and politically charged time in Iran.
Fast forward to the present day, and the political environment in Iran remains highly fraught.
Since the US and Israel started their war with Iran, there have been more than 3,000 deaths due to the bombardments. As with many modern wars, a large proportion of those deaths have been civilians.
Tehran says the war has caused around $270bn in damages, which equates to around 57 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product.
Over the course of two days in January, an estimated 30,000 people were slaughtered by security forces in the street. Students made up a significant portion of the victims.
Monzavi, now 38, believes Generation Z Iranians – born between 1997 and 2012 – are braver than their millennial counterparts because they have support from their parents.
This generation has put aside the caution and fear that have haunted their predecessors, she says, “ They’ve learned how to be fearless.”
That fearlessness comes through when speaking to students and young people in Iran.
“Each day passing with these murderers in power is getting closer to more death and poverty,” says Hassan. He is a 20-year-old student, but Hassan is not his real name (all of the names of young people that we spoke to for this article have been changed for their safety).
“I wish people outside Iran understood that daily life is not only about politics or headlines. Even ordinary things like studying or planning a future have become difficult under constant uncertainty, economic pressure and fear,” Hassan says.
Monzavi has been turning her lens towards young people in Iran since the “Women, Life, Freedom” movement, which was sparked by 22-year-old Mahsa Amini’s death in police custody after she was arrested for failing to wear a hijab properly.
The images portray an air of normality. Teenagers and young adults drink in downtown coffee shops, pose with pets, smoke cigarettes and ride motorbikes. Many forgo the hijab or headscarves entirely.
“It’s hard to initially convince them to let me take pictures of them,” she says, “but because of their fearlessness, they are much more open to the whole concept.”
Yet the reality of daily life is more difficult to capture: Fear, anxiety, arrests, spiralling prices, food shortages and the longest internet blackout in modern history.
After 88 days on Tuesday 26 May, Iran’s internet connection to the outside world was partially restored, according to online watchdog NetBlocks. For three months during the blackout you could not contact loved ones. Even checking the weather was impossible.
The blackout contributed to thousands of Iranians losing their jobs. “We still have not returned to the conditions before January,” says Tehran-based digital rights activist Saeed Souzangar.
Even before January, most major social media platforms and messaging apps were already inaccessible in Iran unless you could bypass filters with costly Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Telegram, Google Play, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Twitter are all still filtered, according to Souzangar.
“I feel like I am being monitored,” says 25-year-old Sarfraz, “Whenever it wants, the government can block even this small gateway.” Sarfraz is studying at university alongside his job as a high school teacher.
For many young Iranians that we spoke with, life in Iran is divided into “before” and “after” those two horrendous nights of bloodshed that began on 8 January at around 8.30pm local time – when internet and mobile signals were shut off as regime forces began firing on civilians in the streets.
Everyone we spoke to knows at least one friend who was injured or killed in the ensuing 48 hours.
“People aren’t the same any more,” Sarfraz says. The 25-year-old fears there will not be any genuine reforms in Iran within his lifetime. “My only hope is that it doesn’t get any worse.”
He certainly no longer looks to the West, Trump or America to be Iran’s saviour. “I don’t think about the outside world at all; they’re just pursuing their own interests,” Sarfraz says.
